It also lacks reliable rules of thumb for the grading of positions. Compared to chess, the Chinese game offers far more moves in a given position and far more moves in a typical game, creating an intractably huge tree of analysis. Though some researchers have argued for some time that brute-force searching can in principle conquer Go, the game has long resisted such efforts.
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That came in 1997, when IBM’s Deep Blue supercomputer defeated then-World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov. Today you can download a US $100 program that plays even better- on a laptop. Add a grab-bag of tricks to “prune” the analysis tree, throwing out bad lines so the program can explore promising lines more deeply, and you get world-champion-level play. With modern hardware, this “brute-force” method can produce a strong chess-playing program. Finally, the algorithm traces its way from those end positions back to the current position to find the move that leads to the best outcome, assuming perfect play on both sides. It then grades the positions by applying rules of thumb that even beginning chess players know, such as the differing values of the various pieces and the importance of controlling the center of the board. A machine calculates every possible continuation for each side, working its way as many moves ahead as it can and so generating a tree of analysis with millions of game positions.
Game programming began with chess, using methods first sketched out by Claude Shannon and Alan Turing in the 1940s. The researchers hope that this generalizability can be carried over to the mastering of practical tasks in many other domains, including medicine and robotics. These networks can train themselves with only a little intervention from human beings, and DeepMind’s researchers had already demonstrated that they can master a wide range of computer video games. That’s because AlphaGo, for all its processing power, mainly owes its victory to a radical new way of using that power: via deep neural networks. The sweeping victory means far more than the US $1 million prize, which Google’s London-based acquisition, DeepMind, says it will give to charity. Chess, AI’s original touchstone, fell to the machines 19 years ago, but Go had been expected to last for many years to come. Thus falls the last and computationally hardest game that programmers have taken as a test of machine intelligence. Sedol is one of the greatest modern players of the ancient Chinese game.
Learn more →ĪlphaGo, a largely self-taught Go-playing AI, last night won the fifth and final game in a match held in Seoul, South Korea, against that country’s Lee Sedol.
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